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אלו מאמרים עדכניים (ניתן בקלות לקבל את המאמרים המלאים בכל ספריה רפואית): Fertil Steril. 2004 May;81(5):1254-64. Emotional adaptation following successful in vitro fertilization. Hjelmstedt A, Widstrom AM, Wramsby H, Collins A. Department of Woman AND Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. OBJECTIVE: To assess the emotional impact of infertility after successful IVF AND to compare parents who have undergone IVF (IVF parents) AND parents who have not undergone IVF (non-IVF parents) regarding parental stress AND the marital relationship during the transition to parenthood. DESIGN: A study with qualitative AND longitudinal quantitative assessments. SETTING: University IVF clinics AND antenatal clinics in Stockholm. PATIENT(S): Fifty-five IVF mothers, 53 IVF fathers, 40 non-IVF mothers, AND 36 non-IVF fathers. INTERVENTION(S): IVF parents were interviewed. All subjects completed self-rating scales in early pregnancy AND at 2 AND 6 months postpartum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Interviews about perception of infertility AND scalar measurement of parental stress AND the marital relationship. RESULT(S): Negative feelings related to infertility were not easily overcome among the IVF parents. Their levels of stress related to parenthood were similar to those of non-IVF parents, AND both groups reported decreased satisfaction with the marital relationship during the transition to parenthood. CONCLUSION(S): The inability to conceive naturally continues to affect the current lives of a proportion of IVF parents. The results suggest that IVF parents may benefit from counseling with regard to the potential long-term impacts of infertility, disclosure issues, AND decisions regarding future children. However, levels of parental stress AND patterns of partner satisfaction are similar to those of parents with children conceived "naturally." Hum Reprod. 2004 Jun;19(6):1480-7. Epub 2004 Apr 22. The influence of assisted reproduction on family functioning AND children's socio-emotional development: results from a European study. Barnes J, Sutcliffe AG, Kristoffersen I, Loft A, Wennerholm U, Tarlatzis BC, Kantaris X, Nekkebroeck J, Hagberg BS, Madsen SV, Bonduelle M; European Study. Institute for the Study of Children, Families AND Social Issues, Birkbeck College, University of London, 7 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3RA, UK. [email protected] BACKGROUND: ICSI is used with increasing frequency, but there is less information about the children born following this method of assisted reproduction than other forms of IVF. Some authors have suggested that it may contribute to more family stress than IVF. METHODS: ICSI conceived children were compared with IVF conceived children AND naturally conceived (NC) controls. They were selected in five European countries: Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Sweden AND the UK, AND seen for psychological testing AND a paediatric examination when they were 5 years old. In all countries, except Greece, mothers AND fathers were asked to complete questionnaires about parental well-being, family relationships, parenting AND child behaviour. RESULTS: Very few differences were found between the ICSI AND NC group OR the ICSI AND IVF group. The only significant differences were that mothers in the ICSI conceived group reported fewer hostile OR aggressive feelings towards the child AND higher levels of commitment to parenting than the mothers of NC children. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the results of previous work with IVF families. This should be encouraging for families using these techniques in the future. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2003 Sep;24(3):153-62. Patterns of emotional responses to pregnancy, experience of pregnancy AND attitudes to parenthood among IVF couples: a longitudinal study. Hjelmstedt A, Widstrom A, Wramsby HM, Collins A. Department of Woman AND Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. [email protected] The aim of this longitudinal study was to compare couples who had conceived by in-vitro fertilization (IVF) with couples who had conceived naturally, regarding patterns of emotional response to different stages of pregnancy AND to compare their expectations of AND attitudes to pregnancy, parenthood AND children. Fifty-seven IVF women AND 55 of their male partners, AND a control group of 43 pregnant women AND 39 of their male partners participated. They completed scales measuring emotional responses to pregnancy, attitudes to pregnancy, parenthood AND children. The IVF couples were interviewed about their experience of pregnancy. The overall anxiety about losing the pregnancy was higher among the IVF couples from early to late pregnancy. The IVF women experienced the pregnancy in a more positive way AND they were less concerned about the child's gender AND loss of freedom in their future lives as parents compared to controls. The IVF men were more anxious about the baby being injured during birth. The interviews with the IVF couples confirmed the self-ratings. In conclusion, the results suggest that it is important for healthcare providers to pay attention to an elevated anxiety among IVF couples AND to give them extra time to discuss emotions during pregnancy AND their future life as parents. J Fam Psychol. 2003 Sep;17(3):361-9. Parents of 5-year-old in vitro fertilization children: psychological adjustment, parenting stress, AND the influence of subsequent in vitro fertilization treatment. McMahon CA, Gibson F, Leslie G, Cohen J, Tennant C. Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. [email protected] Sixty-six parents who had conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) were compared with 46 matched naturally conceiving control parents regarding psychosocial adjustment AND parenting stress 5 years after the birth of their first child. IVF mothers reported a more external locus of control than did control mothers but did not differ on other measures. Within the IVF group, higher levels of treatment predicted lower parenting stress AND more defensive responding on the Parenting Stress Index (R. Abidin, 1990). The more positive reporting of high-treatment IVF parents may be attributable to either defensive responding OR the fact that they are particularly highly motivated AND competent parents. The study findings confirm a growing body of research regarding overall positive adjustment in IVF parents but also highlight the importance of considering individual differences among IVF mothers with respect to treatment experience. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003 Mar;44(3):316-25. Maternal adjustment, parenting AND child behaviour in families of school-aged twins conceived after IVF AND ovulation induction. Tully LA, Moffitt TB, Caspi A. Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK. BACKGROUND: Previous studies that have examined the long-term effects of infertility AND assisted reproductive technology on parenting AND child behaviour in families with twins have suffered from methodological problems. This study compared measures of parental adjustment, parenting AND child behaviour in families with 5-year-old twins who were conceived after in vitro fertilisation (IVF) OR ovulation induction (OI) with families whose twins were naturally conceived (NC). METHODS: The families who conceived via IVF/OI (N = 121) were identified from an epidemiological study of twins AND matched to families who were conceived naturally (N = 121) on the basis of eleven child AND family variables. Mothers were interviewed in their homes for the study. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the IVF/OI families AND the NC families on measures of parental adjustment OR parent AND teacher ratings of the twins' behaviour. IVF/OI mothers AND their partners agreed with each other about discipline more than NC couples, but otherwise no other differences in parenting were found. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study provides evidence that families who conceive twins following IVF/OI are functioning well AND that the experience of fertility treatment does not lead to long-term difficulties for parents OR children. Hum Reprod. 2002 Apr;17(4):1116-23. Parenting AND psychosocial development of IVF children: a follow-up study. Colpin H, Soenen S. Catholic University of Leuven, Faculty of Psychology AND Pedagogical Sciences, Centre for Family Pedagogy, Leuven, Belgium. [email protected] BACKGROUND: This report details a follow-up study of the parent-child relationship AND the child's psychosocial development after IVF. The pilot study compared 31 IVF families AND 31 families with a naturally conceived child when the children were aged 2 years. Twenty-seven IVF AND 23 control families participated again when the children were aged 8-9 years. METHODS: Fathers AND mothers completed questionnaires assessing parenting variables AND the child's behaviour. For most children, behavioural ratings were also obtained from the child's teacher. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between IVF AND control parents' reports of child behaviour, parenting behaviour, parenting stress AND most of the parenting goals. The parenting goal adjustment was significantly more important for IVF than for control fathers; religion was more important for IVF than for naturally conceiving mothers. Teacher ratings of the child's behaviour did not differ significantly between the IVF AND control groups. All couples but one had talked to other persons about the IVF conception; 75% of the IVF parents had not yet informed their children. IVF parents who had informed their child observed more (internalizing AND for fathers also overall) problem behaviours in their child, compared with IVF parents who had not yet disclosed the IVF conception. CONCLUSIONS: Parenting AND the children's psychosocial development do not differ significantly between IVF families AND control families. Hum Fertil (Camb). 2000;3(1):13-19. Related Articles, Links Families from assisted conception: ethical AND psychological issues. McWhinnie A. Department of Social Work, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK. This article gives the findings of an in-depth study of the outcome for parents AND children after assisted conception, namely in vitro fertilization AND donor insemination. The study is of 54 families bringing up 110 children, 74 of whom were the result of these two medical interventions. The findings presented in this article deal specifically with the psychological issues AND ethical dilemmas experienced by the parents of these two groups. Specific areas regarding in vitro fertilization are use of the term 'test-tube baby'; religious AND community attitudes to the use of assisted reproductive technology; AND the effects of these attitudes on the families. The major issue of multiple births AND their social outcomes is dealt with in the following article. The specific areas for donor insemination families are secrecy AND reticence about the whole procedure; infertility as a continuing taboo subject; donor anonymity; AND the resulting effect of donor anonymity on parenting children who do not have access to their full health AND genetic family history. Reference is made to the findings of other relevant research. Practice AND legal implications from the findings are presented. Dev Psychol. 2001 Jan;37(1):37-48. Related Articles, Links In vitro fertilization AND the family: quality of parenting, family functioning, AND child psychosocial adjustment. Hahn CS, DiPietro JA. Department of Population AND Family Health Sciences, School of Hygiene AND Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA. [email protected] This study examined associations between homologous in vitro fertilization (IVF) AND quality of parenting, family functioning, AND emotional AND behavioral adjustment of 3-7-year-old children. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Taiwan with 54 IVF mother-child pairs AND 59 mother-child pairs with children conceived naturally. IVF mothers reported a greater level of protectiveness toward their children than control mothers. Teachers, blind to condition, rated IVF mothers as displaying greater warmth but not overprotective OR intrusive parenting behaviors toward their children. Teachers scored children of IVF as having fewer behavioral problems than control children. In contrast, IVF mothers reported less satisfaction with aspects of family functioning. Family composition moderated parenting stress: IVF mothers with only 1 child perceived less parenting stress than did those in the control group. Fertil Steril. 2000 Mar;73(3):565-74. Related Articles, Links Parental adjustment AND attitudes to parenting after in vitro fertilization. Gibson FL, Ungerer JA, Tennant CC, Saunders DM. Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. [email protected] OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychosocial AND parenthood-specific adjustment AND attitudes to parenting at 1 year postpartum of IVF parents. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SETTING: Volunteers in a teaching hospital environment. PATIENT(s): Sixty-five primiparous women with singleton IVF pregnancies AND their partners, AND a control group of 61 similarly aged primiparous women with no history of infertility AND their partners. INTERVENTION(s): Completion of questionnaires AND interviews. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(s): Parent reports of general AND parenthood-specific adjustment AND attitudes to parenting. RESULT(s): The IVF mothers tended to report lower self-esteem AND less parenting competence than control mothers. Although there were no group differences on protectiveness, IVF mothers saw their children as significantly more vulnerable AND "special" compared with controls. The IVF fathers reported significantly lower self-esteem AND marital satisfaction, although not less competence in parenting. Both IVF mothers AND fathers did not differ from control parents on other measures of general adjustment (mood) OR those more specific to parenthood (e.g., attachment to the child AND attitudes to child rearing). CONCLUSION(s): The IVF parents' adjustment to parenthood is similar to naturally conceiving comparison families. Nonetheless, there are minor IVF differences that reflect heightened child-focused concern AND less confidence in parenting for mothers, less satisfaction with the marriage for the fathers, AND vulnerable self-esteem for both parents.